Associative laws

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Associative laws

The associative laws state that when combining three or more propositions with conjunction or disjunction, the grouping of the operations does not affect the truth value.

Statements

  • (p ∧ q) ∧ r ≡ p ∧ (q ∧ r)
  • (p ∨ q) ∨ r ≡ p ∨ (q ∨ r)

Explanation

Parentheses can be rearranged without changing the logical meaning.

Examples

  • "((I study AND I practice) AND I succeed)" is equivalent to "(I study AND (I practice AND I succeed))".
  • "((It rains OR it snows) OR it is windy)" is equivalent to "(It rains OR (it snows OR it is windy))".

Truth Table (Conjunction)

p q r (p ∧ q) ∧ r p ∧ (q ∧ r)
T T T T T
T T F F F
T F T F F
T F F F F
F T T F F
F T F F F
F F T F F
F F F F F

Truth Table (Disjunction)

p q r (p ∨ q) ∨ r p ∨ (q ∨ r)
T T T T T
T T F T T
T F T T T
T F F T T
F T T T T
F T F T T
F F T T T
F F F F F